What is cloning?

What is cloning?

What are cloning techniques?

Cloning refers to the development of offspring that are genetically identical to their parent. Animals which reproduce asexuallyare examples of clones that are produced naturally.

Thanks to advances in genetics however, cloning can also occur artificially by using certain cloning techniques. Cloning techniques are laboratory processes used to produce offspring that are genetically identical to the donor parent.

Clones of adult animals are created by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer. There are two variations of this method. They are the Roslin Technique and the Honolulu Technique. It is important to note that in all of these techniques the resulting offspring will be genetically identical to the donor and not the surrogate, unless the donated nucleus is taken from a somatic cell of the surrogate.

Cloning Techniques

• Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
  
  The term somatic cell nuclear transfer refers to the transfer of the nucleus from a somatic cell to an egg cell. A somatic cell is any cell of the body other than a germ (sex) cell. An example of a somatic cell would be a blood cell, heart cell, skin cell, etc..
  
  In this process, the nucleus of a somatic cell is removed and inserted into an unfertilized egg that has had its nucleus removed. The egg with its donated nucleus is then nurtured and divides until it becomes an embryo. The embryo is then placed inside a surrogate mother and develops inside the surrogate.
  
  
• The Roslin Technique
  
  The Roslin Technique is a variation of somatic cell nuclear transfer that was developed by researchers at the Roslin Institute. The researchers used this method to create Dolly.
  
  In this process, somatic cells (with nuclei in tact) are allowed to grow and divide and are then deprived of nutrients to induce the cells into a suspended or dormant stage. An egg cell that has had its nucleus removed is then placed in close proximity to a somatic cell and both cells are shocked with an electrical pulse. The cells fuse and the egg is allow to develop into an embryo. The embryo is then implanted into a surrogate.
  
  
• The Honolulu Technique
  
  The Honolulu TechniquE was developed by Dr. Teruhiko Wakayama at the University of Hawaii. In this method, the nucleus from a somatic cell is removed and injected into an egg that has had its nucleus removed. The egg is bathed in a chemical solution and cultured. The developing embryo is then implanted into a surrogate and allowed to develop.

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CLONING

Cloning, the copying of the same basically means anything . Genetikde , a particular section of DNA , often used to create copies of a gene is the method . DNA fragments generated in this way , is used in research . with her husband in the DNA of an organism , the method used to create a new life often called " somatic cell nucleus transfer "is called.

cloning in the biological sense , single-celled organisms is a form of reproduction ( clonal growth ). Apart from these specific issues in multicellular organisms, specialized cells that divide to form themselves again, " Clonal reproduction is called . The best examples are the human immune system cells . against a specific effect of these cells to recognize pathogens , capable of producing the right antibodies as cell clonal proliferation of war and disease are .
" Cloning " begins to be heard by the masses of the concept in 1997, Scottish scientists at Roslin Institute , Dr . Wilmut and his team the sheep " Dolly , " I began to produce . Part of the worldwide interest in scientific development view , some of which are due to ethical problems . In fact, much earlier than the foundation for cloning , based on studies with bacteria .
based cloning can be divided into the three main headings :
* Recombinant DNA technology
* Çoğaltımsal cloning
* Therapeutic cloning Purpose

Gene Transfer

Gene transferAn organism's cells , another organism's DNA is called to the replacement of certain parts .

One of the applications of gene transfer is gene therapy . Today , however, many plants and animals through gene transfer is a new feature win .

Dolly the sheep is the first that shows the importance of gene transfer .

Gene transfer can be achieved thanks to better health for future generations .

what is DNA Replication ??

DNA replication or DNA synthesis, the double- stranded DNA before cell division is the process of copying . new DNA strands are copied almost exactly the same , but from time to time due to errors in replication is not a perfect copy (see mutation) , and the results of both the helix consists of an old and a new thread . It is called semi- conservative replication . DNA replication consists of three steps : initiation , two recovery and termination
Recombinant DNA ..
Recombinant DNA or Recombinant DNA technologyOften obtained from different biological species of DNA molecules , genetic engineering and the cessation of DNA fragments obtained from different biological processes and combining the results of this process produced the name given to the new DNA molecules .
Recombinant DNA technology is used in many fields .
Recombinant DNA technology is used in many fields .

Genetic recombination events artificially realization is based on recombinant DNA technology ( rDNA ), the first work in 1973 has started , and 80 in the giant steps forward , and today, the name most frequently mentioned , and molecular genetic revolution has created a science has become .

what is RNA ?

Ribonukleotitlerinbirbirlerine RNA's are single-stranded nucleic acid with the binding is occurring . DNA
When compared with molecular length is shorter. In almost all cells as abundant
are present . DNA protein production to fulfill the function of a "call molecules " to
is needed. This function is loaded ribonucleic acid sequence of nucleotides settling corporate
Consisting of a single series ( such as DNA single strand of chain ) is a high -quality molecules . DNA
molecules were found largely in the cell nucleus , are of RNAs into cells have spread .
usually double- helix structure of DNA in the lane , while the single şerittlidir RNA . However , DNA single -lane and double lane
RNA molecules are seen as well

what is DNA ??

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. Nearly every cell in a person’s body has the same DNA. Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA), but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA).
The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Human DNA consists of about 3 billion bases, and more than 99 percent of those bases are the same in all people. The order, or sequence, of these bases determines the information available for building and maintaining an organism, similar to the way in which letters of the alphabet appear in a certain order to form words and sentences.
DNA bases pair up with each other, A with T and C with G, to form units called base pairs. Each base is also attached to a sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule. Together, a base, sugar, and phosphate are called a nucleotide. Nucleotides are arranged in two long strands that form a spiral called a double helix. The structure of the double helix is somewhat like a ladder, with the base pairs forming the ladder’s rungs and the sugar and phosphate molecules forming the vertical sidepieces of the ladder.
An important property of DNA is that it can replicate, or make copies of itself. Each strand of DNA in the double helix can serve as a pattern for duplicating the sequence of bases. This is critical when cells divide because each new cell needs to have an exact copy of the DNA present in the old cell.